Which term refers to characteristics such as safety and security in systems-level behavior?

The correct term that refers to characteristics such as safety and security in systems-level behavior is "Emerging Properties." This concept highlights how complex systems can exhibit behaviors that are not present in their individual components but emerge when those components interact within the system. For example, safety and security can be seen as results of the interactions and dependencies among various components in a system.

Emerging properties become critical in software development security as they underscore the importance of looking beyond individual parts (such as separate modules or functions) to understand how they contribute to the overall safety and security of the entire system. This perspective encourages developers to consider the cumulative effects of software components and their interrelationships in order to design systems that inherently possess the desired safety and security characteristics.

The other terms do not directly encapsulate the idea of characteristics like safety and security manifesting from system-level interactions. Encapsulation primarily focuses on restricting access to certain data and methods within a module, which helps in maintaining secrecy but does not inherently focus on emerging properties. Executable code refers to the actual instructions that the computer executes, and while it is essential for functionality, it does not specifically relate to system-level behavior characteristics. A database model provides a framework for how data is structured and accessed but doesn’t address safety and